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Benzalkonium
Benzalkonium is an organic compound that is classified as a quaternary ammonium salt. It is often found in the form of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), which is used as a preservative by helping to inhibiting microorganisms’ growth and reproduction. It is also used as a surfactant and cleansing agent, which helps to mix water and oil so they can be rinse away. BAC can be used in concentrations of 0.1% in many products including shampoos, conditioners, and cleansers.
Although the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) concluded that BAC is safe at concentrations up to 0.1%, at higher concentration it can irritate the skin and eyes, especially with diseased skin. BAC can be toxic if inhaled, causing lung irritation, inflammation, alveolar damage, cytotoxicity. BAC can also affect the environment and has been linked to antibiotic resistance.
Benzethonium
Benzethonium, mostly in the form of Benzethonium chloride, is a synthetic compound with antimicrobial, antiseptic, and surfactant properties. It is effective against a broad range of bacteria, fungi, mold, and viruses. Benzethonium chloride absorbs onto the negatively charged cell wall of microorganisms, interrupting normal cell metabolism and leading to cell death or growth inhibition.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates benzethonium chloride from 0.1% to 0.2% as safe to use in cosmetic products. However, it can cause irritation to the skin and eyes for sensitive skin.
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